Crisis in Software Patents and Copyrights Essay -- Intellectual Proper

Crisis in software product tangibles and Copyrights Introduction Gaining the knowledge and skills to provide computer technology products, services and software requires a significant occur investment of both time and money. The individuals who do such a work should receive financial rewards for their efforts. These rewards create an atmosphere of creativity and competitiveness that becomes a drive force of the economy of the world. The products of this creativity must therefore be protected and we call it groundsual property. Simply, intellectual property is a product of human intellect that has a commercial value. There are three major mechanisms that US law offers to protect software intellectual properties. These are trade secrets, copyrights and patents. Trade secrets watch broad applicability to various subjects that can range from microprocessors to sorting algorithms. Trade secrets are valuable because they are separate from patents and copyrights, and even can be u nattached when copyright or patent rights are not. The basic premises of trade secrets are satisfied when knowledge is kept in secret and not usually known. Copyrights protect all types of original creative expressions that are produced by programmers. Copyright law does not protect the ideas and concepts underlying an expressive work. It only protects the literal take shape that the expressive work takes. Patent law gives the inventor of a new and non-obvious invention the exclusive right to use that invention for a limited term. Patent protection offers the broadest protection for technological industry. A software patent protects against unauthorized use or sale of software that is defined as an invention. In align to obtain a patent, the inventor is ... ...pers haunted by Patent madness 5 The British philosopher who developed a duty-based ethical (deontological) theory 6 Arnold W.Bragg. Software Patents 7 study Research Council. The Digital Dilemma. References Debora h G.Johnson and Helen Nissenbaum. Computers Ethical & Social Values Prentice-Hall, NJ, 1995 Kallman & Grillo. Ethical Decision Making and Information Technology, Mitchell McGraw-Hill, CA, 1993 National Research Council. The Digital Dilemma, National Academy Press, DC, 2000 Richard W.Severson. The principle of Information Ethics, M.E.Sharpe,Inc, 1997 IEEE Software. Karl Dakin, What if there is no software piracy? January 1997 IEEE Software. Gregory Ahoronian. Does the Patent Office respect the software community? July/August. 1999 IEEE IT Professional. Arnold W.Bragg. Software Patents. July/August 2001

Female Direction of Shakespeares As You Like It Essays -- Shakespeare

Female Direction of As You Like It In As You Like It, Jaques states that All the worlds a stage,/ And all the men and women in it merely players./ They have theyre exits and their entrances,/ And one man in his time plays many parts (II, vii, 138-141). That actually well might be true. But if life is a stage traditionally controlled by a man, what parts does that leave for the women of the world? The female serve to this question is that if you dont like your part, change it, and if you dont like the direction, follow someone else. And that is exactly what all-female Shakespe are does. It explores roles for women, roles that women dont traditionally get to play. All-female productions of Shakespeare, as well as female-directed Shakespeare, differ from tradition productions. Female-centered shows play to revolve around the idea that sex matters, but it does not matter any more than age, politics, socio-economic concerns, or any other defining characteristics found in any given p erson. Female directors tend to want to stretch the meaning in Shakespeares plays, be radical, new, and expansive. Female directors gravitate toward a conception of the show fill with characters that happen to be specific genders, not gendered people who happen to be individuals. This makes the theme of the play revolve more around relationships and not around gender stereotypes and a confirmation of traditional gender constructs. Clearly, gender does matter to female directors. However, gender is only another means of adding dimension to a character. For female directors, the characters relationships are more important than their gender, and it is through the exploration of gender that these directors seek to push limits and expand bo... ...st At Theatre 3. Greenwich Village Gazette. available online http//www.judithshakespeare.org/main_reviews.htm Merritt, Erin. Personal Interview. November 6, 2002, via email. Neely, Carol Thomas. Lovesickness, Gender, and subjectivity Twelfth Night and As You Like It. A Feminist Companion to Shakespeare. Blackwell Publishers. 2000. Shakespeare, William. As You Like It. The Norton Shakespeare. W.W.Norton & Company, Inc. 1997. Turner, Jeff. As You Like It. On-stage Studies, Vol. 19. University of Colorado. 1996. Werner, Sarah. Shakespeare and Feminist Performance. Routledge. New York. 2001. Womans Will Website. Brochure. Available Online http//www.womanswill.org/brochure.html Zell, Allison Eve. Measure for Measure Sexual Downplay. TheatreMania.com. Available Online http//www.malialoke.com/gwen/natalie/index.php?x=article_misc01.php

Urban Legend of Bloody Mary :: Urban Legends Ghost Stories

spread over bloody shamePart One Collection of the StoryThe story of all-fired bloody shame was told to me by a twenty year old male. He is a trustworthy student at a University, studying accountancy. He has very conservative beliefs regarding politics. His father is an insurance broker and his mother stays at home. This story was sedate on March 18, 2006, at his residence. This is the story as he told it to meI originally heard this from my brother when I was like ten years old. I also saw it in the movie Urban Legends. further Ill tell you the version my brother told me. You have to go into a bathroom in your house. You turn off all of the lights and stand facing outside from the mirror. You then spin around bakers dozen times and say Bloody Mary thirteen times. After you finish spinning you turn around and you allow see Bloody Mary looking back at you through the mirror. My brother and his friends do me do it one day at my house and zipper happened to me.The teller sho wed no unusual emotion while retelling this story to me. He was positive that it was not true. He told the story in a mocking odour he sometimes finished his sentences with laughter or a smile. Part Two equalize Versions of the StoryThe story of Bloody Mary is a very extensive urban legend. Bloody Mary is one of many names that can be chanted to summon this ghost. Snopes.com lists that Bloody Mary, Bloody Bones, Hell Mary, Mary Worth, Mary Worthington, Mary Whales, Mary Johnson, Mary Lou, Mary Jane, Sally, Kathy, Agnes, Black Agnes, Aggie, Svarte Madame are all names that have been used in the retelling of this story. With an incrementd mo of retellings comes an increase in the variation between individual stories. The version of the story told to me did not include Bloody Mary punishing the one that summoned her. Versions in which the summoner is punished suck a wide variety of fates.. Snopes.com lists that Bloody Mary May strike her summoner dead, drive her mad, or fiercely scratch her face. She may merely peer malevolently out through the mirror, or she may drag one of the girls back through it to blend with her. This legend has several other deviations such as the number of times you have to say the name of the spirit, and the room in which you perform the ritual.Urban Legend of Bloody Mary Urban Legends Ghost StoriesBloody MaryPart One Collection of the StoryThe story of Bloody Mary was told to me by a twenty year old male. He is a current student at a University, studying accountancy. He has very conservative beliefs regarding politics. His father is an insurance broker and his mother stays at home. This story was collected on March 18, 2006, at his residence. This is the story as he told it to meI originally heard this from my brother when I was like ten years old. I also saw it in the movie Urban Legends. But Ill tell you the version my brother told me. You have to go into a bathroom in your house. You turn off all of the lights and stand fa cing away from the mirror. You then spin around thirteen times and say Bloody Mary thirteen times. After you finish spinning you turn around and you will see Bloody Mary looking back at you through the mirror. My brother and his friends made me do it one day at my house and nothing happened to me.The teller showed no unusual emotion while retelling this story to me. He was positive that it was not true. He told the story in a mocking tone he sometimes finished his sentences with laughter or a smile. Part Two Compare Versions of the StoryThe story of Bloody Mary is a very extensive urban legend. Bloody Mary is one of many names that can be chanted to summon this ghost. Snopes.com lists that Bloody Mary, Bloody Bones, Hell Mary, Mary Worth, Mary Worthington, Mary Whales, Mary Johnson, Mary Lou, Mary Jane, Sally, Kathy, Agnes, Black Agnes, Aggie, Svarte Madame are all names that have been used in the retelling of this story. With an increased number of retellings comes an increase in t he variation between individual stories. The version of the story told to me did not include Bloody Mary punishing the one that summoned her. Versions in which the summoner is punished describe a wide variety of fates.. Snopes.com lists that Bloody Mary May strike her summoner dead, drive her mad, or fiercely scratch her face. She may merely peer malevolently out through the mirror, or she may drag one of the girls back through it to live with her. This legend has several other deviations such as the number of times you have to say the name of the spirit, and the room in which you perform the ritual.

The Lost Handwriting :: essays research papers

The Unheard Writing cardinal day, in the second grade, the teacher told our class to pack out their lined paper and pencils. As I made that first fancy loop, following the example on the board, I was wondering what possible blank space I was getting into. Later in the year, I learned that cursive composition was beat consuming and very difficult to master. In high school, I found out that we had a choice of cursive or printing. I asked myself why we needed cursive? Why are others putting aside this writing that consumed so much time? What are the pros and cons of cursive? This type of writing is established, and I never thought to evaluate its effectiveness or its need until now. One such pro is that cursive an established form of writing. In grade school, we learned how to neatly write the cursive alphabet. The reason that so much time was spent on this area of development is because it is seen as professional writing. The teacher wanted to prepare us for the future, and withou t this ability we would be unable to read or write this type of writing. For example, many professional forms such as taxes, weekly paycheck and legal papers all require a pinch. Adding on to that, your signature is unique to each and ever one of us. In all the large number in the world, there is only one signature that is like yours and that is your own. Yes, it is possible to forge a persons signature, but it is highly unlikely to be a precise copy of the original. For instance, most colleges require students to sign their exams. This procedure prevents the acts of cheating. Moreover, banks have convicted many people of forge checks. A unique signature prevented both of these situations. Who would of thought that personal IDs were this important?On the other hand, one negative attribute is the point that cursive is sloppy. It is hard for many of us to read cursive that was quickly written. It was hard for me to write it neatly in school. It was also difficult to read other kid s handwriting because all the letters were smashed together and looked almost the same. Recently, there was a lawsuit involving a doctor and his cursive prescription slip. The patient sure the wrong prescription. This mishap happened because the doctor was busy and wrote like a speeding bullet.

how come Essay -- essays research papers

Grazing ecosystems support more herbivore biomass than any other terrestrial habitat (Sinclair 1975, Detling 1988, McNaughton et al. 1989, 1991, Huntly 1991). A functional consequence of this discrimination in trophic structure emerges by comparing the relationship between aboveground production and herbivore consumption in the Serengeti and Yellowstone ecosystems with that in other terrestrial ecosystems ILLUSTRATION FOR trope 3 OMITTED. For consumption measurements, we included plant material removed by all important herbivores, both vertebrates and invertebrates. All values were energy equivalents (kJ), converted from biomass measurements utilize standard conversion factors (Golley 1968). For productivity measurements, we considered only the nonwoody fraction of aboveground productivity - that is, net foliage production (NFP) - because woody production is largely unavailable to herbivores. Plotting plant production against consumption revealed that terrestrial ecosystems fall into two classs that are distinguished by the intensity of herbivory (F.sub.1,78 = 88.2, P less than 0.0001 ILLUSTRATION FOR FIGURE 3 OMITTED). The first group includes low-herbivory habitats desert, tundra, clement forest, tropical forest, TABULAR DATA FOR TABLE 1 OMITTED and small grassland sites lacking large herbivores. The second includes the Serengeti and Yellowstone, which exhibit high herbivory rates. On average, herbivores removed 57% (SE = 3.4, n = 40) of NFP in the Serengeti and Yellowstone, whereas they removed only 9% (SE = 1.4, n = 40) of NFP in other terrestrial ecosystems. For example, only 10% (SE = 2.1, n = 14) of the aboveground production was consumed in temperate grasslands that lack large herbivores, showing that the removal of migratory grazers dramatically affects the energy dynamics of grasslands. Slopes of the relationships did not differ statistically between the two groups (P greater than 0.10) and were greater than 1, indicating that the counterbalan ce of available primary production consumed increased as NFP increased for both groups of habitats. The low level of dispersion of samples around the regression line characterizing plant productivity and consumption in the Serengeti and Yellowstone grasslands suggests that the relationship describes a continuum from cool, temperate to warm, tropical grazing ecosystems. Primary production is greater in... ...erlag. McNaughton SJ, Milchunas DG, Frank DA. 1996. How can net primary productivity be measured in grazing ecosystems? Ecology 77 974-977. Meagher M. 1973. The Bison of Yellowstone National Park. National Park Service Scientific Monograph Series 1. Washington (DC) United States plane section of Interior. Meagher M, Meyer ME. 1994. On the origin of brucellosis in bison of Yellowstone National Park A review Conservation Biology 8 645-653. Milchunas DG, Lauenroth WK. 1993. Quantitative effects of grazing on vegetation and soils over a global range of environments. Ecology 63 327- 366. Morton JK. 1972. Phytogeography of the west African mountains. Pages 221-236 in Valentine DH, ed. Taxonomy, Phytogeography, and Evolution. New York Academic Press. Oesterheld, M, Sala OE, McNaughton SJ. 1992. Effect of animal market-gardening on herbivore carrying capacity at the regional scale. Nature 356 234-236. Peters RH. 1983. The Ecological Implications of Body Size. Cambridge (UK) Cambridge University Press. Prins HHT. 1996. Ecology and Behavior of the African Buffalo Social Inequality and Decision do London Chapman & Hall. Senft RL, Coughenour MB, Bailey DW, Rittenhouse LR, Sala

how come Essay -- essays research papers

Grazing ecosystems support more herbivore biomass than any other global habitat (Sinclair 1975, Detling 1988, McNaughton et al. 1989, 1991, Huntly 1991). A functional importee of this disparity in trophic structure emerges by comparing the relationship between aboveground production and herbivore consumption in the Serengeti and Yellowstone ecosystems with that in other terrestrial ecosystems ILLUSTRATION FOR FIGURE 3 OMITTED. For consumption measurements, we included comprise material removed by all important herbivores, both vertebrates and invertebrates. All values were energy equivalents (kJ), born-again from biomass measurements using standard conversion factors (Golley 1968). For productivity measurements, we considered only the nonwoody fraction of aboveground productivity - that is, net foliage production (NFP) - because woody production is mostly unavailable to herbivores. Plotting plant production against consumption revealed that terrestrial ecosystems fall into two g roups that are distinguished by the intensity of herbivory (F.sub.1,78 = 88.2, P less than 0.0001 ILLUSTRATION FOR FIGURE 3 OMITTED). The offset printing group includes low-herbivory habitats desert, tundra, temperate forest, tropical forest, TABULAR DATA FOR TABLE 1 OMITTED and small grassland sites lacking large herbivores. The second includes the Serengeti and Yellowstone, which exhibit high herbivory rates. On average, herbivores removed 57% (SE = 3.4, n = 40) of NFP in the Serengeti and Yellowstone, whereas they removed only 9% (SE = 1.4, n = 40) of NFP in other terrestrial ecosystems. For example, only 10% (SE = 2.1, n = 14) of the aboveground production was consumed in temperate grasslands that lack large herbivores, showing that the removal of migratory grazers dramatically affects the energy dynamics of grasslands. Slopes of the relationships did not differ statistically between the two groups (P great than 0.10) and were greater than 1, indicating that the proportion of available elemental production consumed increased as NFP increased for both groups of habitats. The low level of dispersion of samples around the regression line characterizing plant productivity and consumption in the Serengeti and Yellowstone grasslands suggests that the relationship describes a continuum from cool, temperate to warm, tropical pasture ecosystems. Primary production is greater in... ...erlag. McNaughton SJ, Milchunas DG, Frank DA. 1996. How can net primary productivity be measured in grazing ecosystems? Ecology 77 974-977. Meagher M. 1973. The Bison of Yellowstone National Park. National Park Service Scientific Monograph Series 1. Washington (DC) united States Department of Interior. Meagher M, Meyer ME. 1994. On the origin of brucellosis in bison of Yellowstone National Park A review Conservation Biology 8 645-653. Milchunas DG, Lauenroth WK. 1993. Quantitative effects of grazing on vegetation and soils over a global range of environments. Ecology 63 327-366. Morton JK. 1972. Phytogeography of the west African mountains. Pages 221-236 in Valentine DH, ed. Taxonomy, Phytogeography, and Evolution. New York Academic Press. Oesterheld, M, Sala OE, McNaughton SJ. 1992. Effect of tool husbandry on herbivore carrying capacity at the regional scale. Nature 356 234-236. Peters RH. 1983. The Ecological Implications of Body Size. Cambridge (UK) Cambridge University Press. Prins HHT. 1996. Ecology and Behavior of the African Buffalo Social Inequality and decisiveness Making London Chapman & Hall. Senft RL, Coughenour MB, Bailey DW, Rittenhouse LR, Sala

Evaluation of Soil Management Strategies

Evaluation of the soil management strategies in the India The much time goes past, the more(prenominal) man starts realising how the management and the way we threat soils is important to insure its preservation and conservation. Nowadays, most 9. 4 million hectargons of soil, which represent the 0. 5% of the land present on our planet, is irreparably damaged and has no endless each biological function. In other words, it can no longer be utilize in any useful way to provide food or other elements to the earths tenants.There ar though, two promoters that influence soil degradation the military man factor and the natural one. The most impactful one is the human one, as we tend to create disequilibrium in the rate at which soil forms and at which it is eroded or degraded. This is out-of-pocket to the fact that farmers work the soil too frequently or misunderstand and mismanage their lands. On the other hand, erosion and degradation, which embody the natural factors, are foun der of natures cycle and over time, they do not create imbalances.In poorer countries, farmers use subsistence farming and they are in a way constricted to do so, as they not completely neediness of economical resources to buy machinery and conditioners, but also because the quality of the soil often doesnt give them the opportunity to be equal to(p) to work the land more intensively. In the regions of West Bengal located in the northwest of India to take an example, the density of the population is so high that farmers only can use their little land holding to produce enough in order to feed themselves and their families.This way of managing the soil is called subsistence farming and is also utilise in the entire southeast of India, where the soil is so degraded that the population has no other choice but to use this agricultural strategy named sedentary farming. It involves farming always at the same place, living there and getting crops relying uniquely on labour and not on a ny capital investments. In India we can find a very large division, varying from economical to socio-political, and even agricultural.Up in the Northwest of India, within the hills of Jaipur in Rajasthan, intensive commercial farmers are predominant as the country represents the fourth biggest agricultural power of the world. The practices and components involved in intensive farming are harmful to the soil because farmers take favour of the resources that are available and often abuse their terrain in such way that it harms it, leading to an increase of the rate at which the land is deteriorated.But not all methods are harmful to Nature the method used in the forests of north India by the poorer citizens has a much better environmental impact than the industrial one used by richer farmers. As equally common, this method is called shifting farming which consists in burning a piece of land so that the ashes fertilise the soil. Then the famer grows its crops for around 2 to 5 years, until the soils magnificence starts to decrease so he moves to another place repeating the same process.After a break more or less long 10 years, the farmer can go back to the first place as the terrain supposedly had time to regain its fertility and he can so for cultivate his crops again. In fact, the material and gears used, plus the methods are much different one from another. Within the subsistence one, natural fertilizers will be more likely to be used while on the intensive one, chemicals and heavy machinery often take the lead. These different strategies used to manage the soil stage advantages and disadvantages, to both the farmers and the land.The sustainable farming strategy is on the short term less beneficial to the farmer as it will limit his production. But this proficiency wont make any harm to the soil because the method used is less intensive, and natural fertilisers such as animal rejections and organic wastes commute chemicals and fertilizers used in the inten sive method. But as stated above, India is the fourth largest agricultural force on this planet and thats when the management of the soil starts comely problematic in accordance to its sustainability and the preservation of its quality.The choice of a farmer to opt for a specific technique rather than another relies on the income on a short period of time. Even though in India this choice mainly depends on the financial resources available, the farmers using subsistence farming will be able to use their land for a much longer period of time than those who use intensive farming. Its also in the farmers usefulness to use its field in a sustainable way for environmental ssues as well as for its personal profit as on the longer term, a farmer who farms on its land in a sustainable way will be able to get an equal amount of crops over a larger period of time. To conclude, if we keep abusing the soil as they still do in certain parts of the world, by 2050 we will severely lack of availa ble healthy soil to satisfy our needs as a result of the populations growth rate. And even though the governments and citizens didnt assoil that before severe issues and frightening statistical data came out from the topic.We know how to prevent soil erosion from natural factors by simply planting stigmatize or other clumping vegetation building shelter belts and hedgerows are other examples. We can also improve the methods of cultivation, using the techniques of terracing and contour ploughing. But to prevent the abusing human activity like deforestation, I believe that the only answer is the willing and devotion of individuals of using proper pesticides and fertilizers. References http//www. rajasthantour4u. com/business/agriculture. html 02. 02. 3/815 http//www. isric. org/ ISRIC website (World Soil Statistical data and Information collectors) 31. 01. 13/1725 http//agriinfo. in/default. aspx? page=topic&superid=1&topicid=643 29. 01. 13/1706 http//www. indiastudychannel. com/res ources/154743-Types-farming-India. aspx 29. 01. 13/1703 http//vro. dpi. vic. gov. au/dpi/vro/vrosite. nsf/pages/soil_mgmt 31. 01. 13/1618 http//www. ehow. com/about_6367388_human-impact-soils. html 28. 01. 13/1630 http//www. mapsofindia. com/indiaagriculture/ 01. 2. 13/1629

Philosophy 101 Study Guide

* Socrates Philosopher who taked in an absolute right or wrong asked students pointed questions to make them use their reason, later became Socratic Method. supercharged with introducing strange gods and corrupting the young, he committed suicide. * Rhetoric Saying things in a convincing matter * Skepticism The idea that nothing kindle ever so be dealn for certain. * Sophists A wise and in readyed person, critical of traditional mythology, rejected fruitless philosophical speculations.A member of a school of ancient Hellenic professional philosophers who were expert in and taught the skills of rhetoric, argument, and debate, only if were criticized for specious reasoning. * Socratic Irony Feign Ignorance, or pret prohibit to be dumber than re only(a)y atomic number 18 to expose the weaknesses of peoples view * hotshot thing however I know, and that is that I know nothing * He knows what good is will do good * Plato (428-347 B. C. Athens, Greece) Student of Socrates. Estab lished The Academy. Wrote Dialogues. He was a Dualist. * Two originates to a homo Body Soul Plato regarded the body and head as separate entities * A person may solicit or have an appetite for something, yet resist the craving with will force out. A correctly operating soul requires the highest part, reason, to control the lowest part, appetite, with assistance from the will. * Plato believed that though the body dies and disintegrates, the soul continues to live forever. After the death of the body, the soul migrates to what Plato called the realm of the pure forms. There, it exists without a body, contemplating the forms.After a time, the soul is reincarnated in an another(prenominal) body and returns to the conception. But the reincarnated soul retains a dim recollection of the realm of forms and yearns for it * Theory of ideas/forms the reality behind the temporal world, which contains the eternal and immutable patterns behind the divers(a) phenomena, we come across in nature. * Plato believed that e verything tangible in nature flows. There argon no b nonpareil marrows that do not dissolve, and so everything is made of a timeless mold or form that is eternal and immutable. * Eternal Lasting or existing orever without end or beginning. * Immutable Unable to be changed * Form (Ideas) A form is an abstract station or quality. Take any property of an object separate it from that object and consider it by itself, and you ar contemplating a form. For example, if you separate the roundness of a basketball game from its color, its weight, etc. and consider alone roundness by itself, you be thinking of the from of roundness. * The forms are transcendent. This means that they do not exist in space and time. A natural object, a basketball, exists at a particular place at a particular time.A form, roundness, does not exist at any place or time. * Pure the forms only exemplify one property. Material objects are impure they combine a number of properti es such as blackness, circularity, and hardness into one object. * Archetypes The forms are archetypes that is, they are perfect examples of the property that they exemplify. The forms are the perfect models upon which all material objects are based. The form of redness, for example, is red, and all red objects are simply imperfect * at last Real The forms are the ultimately real entities, not material objects.All material objects are copies or images of some collection of forms their reality comes only from the forms. * Causes The forms are the stupefys of all things. * They provide the explanation of why any thing is the way it is * They are the source or origin of the organism of all things * Systematically Interconnected The forms comp grow a system leading down from the form of the Good moving from more general to more particular, from more objective to more subjective.This systematic social organization is reflected in the structure of the dialectic process by which we come to familiarity of the forms. * Realm of Forms ( humanness of Ideas) The world that we perceive by the mind, using our concepts, seems to be permanent and unchanging. gentleman have access to the realm of forms through the mind, through reason, given Platos system of the subdivisions of the valet de chambre soul. This gives them access to an unchanging world, invulnerable to the pains and changes of the material world.By detaching ourselves from the material world and our bodies and ascending our ability to concern ourselves with the forms, we find a value which is not open to change or disintegration. * Realm of the Illusory (World of the Senses) The world we perceive through the senses seems to be always changing. It seems that all the objects we perceive with the senses are simply images or experiences in our mind. They are only subjective points of views on the real objects. For example, the world appears radically differently to a color blind person than it does to u s.The objects that we perceive as colored, then, must not be the real objects, but just our experience of these objects that is set by my particular subjective point of view and perceptual apparatus. * True familiarity * He believed that as ensue of the constant change within the material world we could never really have true knowledge. * Eros Greek god of love son of Aphrodite often shown blindfolded * Rationalism the belief that human reason is the primary source of our knowledge of the world * Three parts of the Soul Reason (In prescribeect) * In the Head * Provide Wisdom * Where our individual/ fantastic talents lie * If reason functions excellently (arete) then we are wise to that extent * If we exercise wisdom to the extent then that part of the soul is excellent * answerable for love of learning, spirited, & animated * Passion Appetite/Desire * From Greek word Pathe meaning the irrational movements of the soul * In gut * Provides temperance If passion functions excellentl y then we are temperate * If we exercise temperance to the extent then that part of the soul is excellent * Responsible for Desire * Thymos * specifys Spirit/Will * In shopping center * Provides Courage * Can help reason master passion * If we exercise courage to the extent then that part of the soul is excellent * Responsible for wrath * Views on Women Plato believed that women had a right, or you might even call it a role to play in society. Their role was to be a significant part of society, different from men, but still play a part.Plato believed that women were necessary for society to run smoothly. * Women were not equals of men * Women lacked strength * Women are naturally maternal * In Platos time it was unheard of to view women as more than a piece of property. * Dualist a sharp division mingled with the reality of thought and all-embracing reality. * Aristotle (384-322 B. C Macedonia, Athens) Pupil of Platos. Believed Platos world of ideas did not exist but that the e ternal idea was really a concept- the idea of a horse that we have by and by seeing many of them. Learn know through the senses. 20 questions. Causes * What type of material it is made of? * Wood * What type of thing it is? * Table * What caused it to come into world? * How it was built the task needed to be done to create the table * Purpose or Final Cause (Telos) The purpose, end, aim, or goal of something. The final cause is the cause why a thing exists. * Meant to be a dinner table or desk * Views on Women Viewed them as unfinished men. * Golden Mean One cannot be too much of one thing or too less, need to be balanced * Empiricism Derive all knowledge from what the senses tell us.There are no innate ideas and cannot prove the existence of God, eternity or substance * Hellenism The period of time and the Greek-dominated grow that prevailed in the three Hellenic Kingdoms of Macedonia, Syria, and Egypt. The diffusion of Greek Culture throughout the Mediterranean world after the conquest of Alexander the Great. * The Cynics True happiness doesnt come from external advantages, equivalent power/good health. Once you have true happiness, it cant be lost. Their own/others health shouldnt disturb them. * The Stoics * Stoicism was founded by a man named Zeno, who lived from 335-263 BC. He used to evoke not in a classroom but outside, on the porch of a public building * The word for porch in Greek is STOA, and so people called his students Stoics * plenty should try to reach inner peacefulness * Moderate in everything * Be happy with what they had. This would lead to a happy life * The best indication of an individuals doctrine was not what a person said but how he behaved * Destructive emotions resulted from errors in judgment * Sage person of moral and intellectual perfection * Would not suffer from such emotions The Epicureans They believed pleasure is the greatest good, but to attain pleasure was to live modestly, gain knowledge of the workings of the worl d, and limit to ones desires. * Neo-Platonism Belief of ii poles on Earth, one end is the dive light called the One (God). Other end is absolute darkness, no existence, the absence of light. * Syncretism The combining of different beliefs, often while melding practices of various schools of thought. * Mysticism One with God, merging with him. I am God. or I am You. * Two Cultures The Indo-Europeans Related languages of Europe, India, and Iran, which are believed to have descended from a common lingua spoken roughly in the third millennium B. C. by an agricultural peoples originating in SE Europe * The Semites A member of any of the peoples who speak or spoke a Semitic language, including in particular the Jews and Arabs- for the most part Middle Easterners, they saw history as an on going line, world will end on judgment day * The Middle Ages Period of European history from the 5th century to the 15th century * St. Augustine Latin-speaking philosopher and theologian who lived in the Roman Africa Province. figure out of the Arabs The Arabic-Latin translation movements in the Middle Ages, which paralleled that from Greek into Latin, led to the transformation of almost all philosophical disciplines in the medieval Latin world. * St. Thomas Aquinas assay to make Aristotles philosophy compatible with Christianity. Believed Christendom and philosophy were the uniform thing. Used bible as a source of reason. Created a synthesis between belief and knowledge. Said there are natural theological truthstruths that can be reached through both Christian faith and innate reason.Tried to prove gods existence of Aristotles philosophy. Everything has a formal cause. God has revealed himself to mankind through both reason and the bible. * The Renaissance period of European history at the close of the Middle Ages and the rise of the recent world a cultural rebirth from the 14th through the middle of the 17th centuries * Reformation religious movement of 16th century that began as an attempt to reform the Roman Catholic Church and resulted in the creation of Protestant churches * Three Major Discoveries The compass, Firearms, and printing press. The Baroque Historic period from about(predicate) 1600 until 1750 when the baroque style of art, architecture, and music flourished in Europe * Carpe Diem Seize the day. * Memento Mori Remember your mortality- meaning Remember, you will die. * Idealism the philosophical theory that ideas are the only reality. * Materialism the belief of material things (atoms and the void). All real things derive from concrete substances. Determinusinism Laplace (french mathematician) said that everything that happens is predetermined- contradicting the belief of free will and suggests that the outcome of everything is written in the stars * Descartes French philosopher and mathematician developed dualistic theory of mind and matter. Father of modern Philosophy. * His main concern was what we can know certain knowledge * J e pense donc je suis I think, whence I am * Cogito ergo sum I think, therefore I am said by Rene Descartes. * Two Forms of Reality Thought & Extention Agnostic fainthearted/Undecided/Needs more information. Unable to say categorically whether or not the gods/God exists brought about by Sophist Protagoras * Atheist Does not believe in God. * Spinoza Baruch Spinoza-Jewish-Dutch rationalist (one of the great rationalists in 17th century) opposed Descartes mind-body dualism he laid groundwork for Enlightenment. Also wrote the book of Ethics * Historico-Critical Interpretation of the countersign Spinoza applied the scientific method to the reading of Scripture, and this became what is now known as the historical-critical method. His view was that religious conflict in Europe was a result of differing interpretation on key biblical passages. He developed this method of reading Scripture in order to bring about universal symmetricalness on its meaning. * Pantheist God is infinite, he i s present in everything. * Universal Law of Nature the laws and rules of nature, according to which all things happen, and change from one form to another, are always and everywhere the same.So the way of understanding the nature of anything, of whatever kind, must also be the same, * One Substance The claim that there is one and only one substance. This substance he identifies as God. * Substance Does not need the conception of any other thing in order to be conceived * substance is its own cause * that it is infinite * that it is the only substance for if there were two substances, they would limit each other and cease to be independent * Monist reduces nature and the specification of all things to one single substance. Inner-Cause Humans come to understand that their struggle follows by necessity from the struggle of Nature, and that it has an inner link with other parts of the environs through a common inner cause, Nature. * Determinist Laplace (french mathematician) said that everything that happens is predetermined- contradicting the belief of free will and suggests that the outcome of everything is written in the stars * Free Will dogma that conduct of the individual is the result of personal choice. not divine forces of fate) * Locke English empiricist philosopher who believed that all knowledge is derived from sensory experience. * Empiricism Derive all knowledge from what the senses tell us- came from Aristotle. There are no innate ideas and cannot prove the existence of God, eternity or substance) * Two questions about ideas? * Where do we get all of these ideas which are the centre of our knowedge? * Whether things in the world fit our ideas, and not whether our ideas correspond to the nature of things in the world * Tabula Rasa Clean slate. Primary Qualities Extension, weight, senses reproduce them objectively. * Secondary Qualities Color, smell reproduce the things that are inherent in the things themselves. * Natural Rights Lockes political philosophy is his theory of natural rights privileges or claims to which an individual was entitled * Hume (1711-1776 English) Scottish philosopher whose sceptical philosophy restricted human knowledge to that which can be perceived by the senses. He was an Empiricist. * Two types of Perception * Impression how we experience the world Ideas what we recall of our impressions * Faith v. Knowledge Knowledge is divided into three Categories * Knowledge * Belief * Faith (this is of lower grade than belief and knowledge) * Laws of Nature or Cause & Effect Emphasized that the expectation of one thing following another does not lie in the things themselves, but in our mind. Sophist Teaching compared to Socrates Teachings Sophists desired money in return for educational activity young men various things about political and social life, such as rhetoric. ? Socrates was a philosopher, whom spent his days wandering around the gym and the agora, talk to people. He developed a following of youn g Greeks, such as Plato and Xenephon. Socrates did not charge for his teachings. He also made a habit of proving just how little Sophists actually knew. Many people did believe Socrates was a Sophist and this is a reasonable claim, because Sophist were know to be knowledgeable people that taught the same skills Socrates was.Although Socrates would not consider himself a Sophist and would be known to talk down about them about how little they actually knew. Platos Myth of the countermine A few people were sitting underground in a cave, facing the wall. They cannot turn around, and all they have ever seen are shadows of objects projected onto the wall. One manages to turn around, and he sees the actual items that he has only ever seen shadows of. It is completely dazzling. Plato is trying to demonstrate the relationship of the material world and the world of ideas.Compared to the world of ideas, the material world is dreary. When Aristotle disagreed with Platos Theory of Forms What d id Aristotle offer up as an alternative explanation for Reality? Aristotle argued that the theory of forms is seriously flawed it is not supported by good arguments it requires a form for each thing and it is too mathematical. Worst of all, on Aristotles view, the theory of forms cannot adequately explain the occurrence of change. By identifying the thing with its essence, the theory cannot account for the generation of new substances.Aristotle was the first philosopher to formalize the subject of Metaphysics. As Aristotle explains, Metaphysics is the study of the One Substance (and its Properties) which exists and causes / connects all things, and is therefore the necessary foundation for all human knowledge. Aristotle was correct to realize that One Substance must have Properties that cause matters interconnected activity and motion. Hellenistic Period in Mediterranean World (300 BCE 0 400 BCE) Common themes that pervaded multiple shades at this time? The time between the death o f King Alexander the Great and the emergence of Ancient Greece * the term Hellenistic to define the period when Greek culture spread in the non-Greek world after Alexanders conquest * The Greek language being established as the official language of the Hellenistic world * The art and literature of the era were transformed accordingly to more Greek styles * The Greek were the volume over the Mediterranean world, but they often outnumbered by natives in the land sometime there would be little interaction in some places between the Greek and the natives * The development of the Alexander Romance (mainly in Egypt) owes much to Greek theater as well as other styles of story. * The spread of Greek culture throughout the Near East and Asia owed much to the development of cities. * The identification of local gods with similar Greek deities facilitated the building of Greek-style temples, and the Greek culture in the cities also meant that buildings. How is Christianity a blending between the Indo-European & Semitic World views? The Greeks and Romans are a part of Indo-European culture, while the Jews belong to Semitic culture. He describes how Indo-European culture was characterized by a belief in many godspantheism.Similar ideas popped up in many different Indo-European languages, and were expressed by words that resembled each other greatly. The Semites, on the other hand, are characterized by monotheism, the belief in one god. Judaism, Islam, and Christianity are all Semitic religions. But Christianity complicates things, because it spread throughout Indo-European cultures and incarnate many features of those cultures. Semitic religions believe in one like Christianity, but also Indo-European culture believes in a messiah just like Jesus in the Christianity religion so technically both cultures played a part in shaping Christianity. What is Descartes first movement of what is referred to as modern philosophy?What was his main project & what type of conclusions d id he arrive at? Descartes is often regarded as the first thinker to emphasize the use of reason to develop the Natural Sciences. It can be said his main goal was to find out truth to Gods existence then human existence, as these were the main two subjects. Descartes was the first philosopher in a long time to attempt to bring all knowledge into a coherent philosophy. His concerns were with certain knowledgethat which we can know for sureand the mind/body relationship. Because philosophers believed in a mechanistic view of nature, it was critical to figure out how the minds thoughts became translated into actions of the body.Descartes doubted everything that was not certain and then realized that the very fact of his doubting meant he must be thinking. From there, he decided that the existence of God is also certain, and went on to define the world in legal injury of thought and matter, which he called extension. The mind and body interact, but the goal is to get the mind to operat e solely according to reason. What did Spinoza propose as a way for understanding the world? How does this compare to Descartes conclusions? How are they similar? How are they different? He rejected Descartess dualism and believed that thought and extensions are simply two of Gods features that we can perceive. He had a deterministic view of the world, believing that God controlled all through natural laws.Spinoza felt that only God was truly free but that people could attain happiness through seeing things from the perspective of eternity. They are similar, because they both believe in God, but they are very different from Descartes relying mostly on reason, and Spinoza thinking that God controls everything through Natural Laws. Humes ideas on piety & the source of morality David Hume, an 18th century philosopher, stated that morality is based on sentiments rather than reason. He concluded this after he developed his theory of knowledge which stated that everything we could know was observable by the senses he was a naturalistic philosopher. He then looked at situations in which he thought that there was an obvious wrong and he

Benefits of Cost Allocation in an Organization

Introduction The Need for Cost Accounting and Allocation A product or a service of cover gutternot be provided without bells going into its creation. The competency to transform a raw material into the final product, whatever the final product may manifest, is unavoidably connected with a cost. Often cost atomic number 18 incurred in a manner that is not even directly related to the making of the final product but to activities that ar necessary for the production process.Activities such as planning and administration come under the support activities that are not directly related to the creation of a product or service but they are necessary for a organization to operate. Often a spotlight arises when a cost becomes attached to more than one product or department. The question as to whom to ascribe a cost to when more than one party seems responsible for the charge had been a highly problematic issue for accountants for wide while. Many schools of thought have sprung up wi th regard to this dilemma.Some feel that costs can be assigned based on dividing space, or percentages of use. Others were of the view that in that location is no need to allocate costs at all. A third group preferred no parceling at all, because regardless of the method applied, bottom-line would not change (Doost, 1997). The introduction of Activity Based Costing further pushed cost tryst into the background (Doost, 1997). However, Activity Based Costing had a major fault in that not all cost incursion are clear-cut enough to be charged to the ultimate users.The need to allocate costs in the face of multiple users remained. Cost allocation is likewise known as cost apportionment and cost distribution. Defining Cost Allocation Cost allocation is the process of accounting developed to deal with a situation in which assigning costs to a particular product or department is difficult. The process involves identifying and linking the costs incurred with the cost targetives. Cost a llocation consists of three main steps ? Defining an object to link costing to ?Accruing the costs linked to the object ascertain a method to link the object with the accrued cost The cost object can be thought of as an activity or a process, a product or service or even a part of the organization for which a separate measure for costs is required. Definition of the object is based largely on the needs and circumstances of the organization. After costs are incurred, they undergo an appraisal and are assigned to various pools depending upon a beat that has been determined to link costs to the object. The costs are of two types direct and indirect (Ijiri, 1975).Direct costs are traceable to the cost object through a highly objective, uncomplicated sexual intercourseship. Indirect costs are the real purpose of cost allocation and are cost incurred without any traceable source. They must be assigned according to some bridging activity that will form the link between costs and cost ob ject. The Benefits of Cost Allocation Most literature follows the disadvantages of cost allocation and shows why it should not be used. However, cost allocation continues being used in numerous organizations.Two authors, Horngren and Kaplan have been the exceptions in relating this aspect and Zimmerman builds on their drub to show, that in spite of what research, what benefits are derived from cost allocation which makes it popular among the practitioners. Horngren and Kaplan refer to the benefits to managerial behavior. Zimmerman (1978) divides this into the business office problem and using allocation as a proxy. The billet problem arises whenever a relationship is formed between a principal and an divisor, such as that between the owners of the familiarity and its managers (Jenson and Meckling, 1976).This situation assumes that the agent will do his or her best to increase the public assistance of the principal however, in reality an agent will sometimes act in ways that re duce the welfare of the principal. This is due to the lack of optimal monitoring systems. The monitoring system can restrict such acts but not completely stop them. The portion that can not be reduced is, thus, a expenditure and is known as agency costs that a principal needs to bear. A similar situation occurs between a superior and a auxiliary when costs are allocated. The subordinate has his own interests at heart, including his chances of advancement.Thus, by allocating to the subordinates the superiors expenditures, motivation is created for subordinate to carefully monitor their superiors outgo and ensure that the superior does not spend unnecessarily or for somebodyal gain on the companys tab. Thus, the subordinate will monitor the spending by the superior, ensuring less shirking and adequate spending on perquisites (non monetary incentives e. g. air conditioning in the office). Thus, the superiors welfare is dependent directly on the subordinates productivity, subordinates compensation and the agency costs related to this relationship.This agency costs include the monitoring costs, bonding costs and residual loss. Excessive consumption of prerequisites by the superior, thus, negatively affects the subordinates future promotions. To avoid this, the subordinate would either go over the direct superiors head or attempt to convince the direct superior to reduce spending. Thus, cost allocation itself pass ons a principal-agency relation to be created in the organization, and using allocated costs, a means of monitoring superiors is created.This monitoring is not so effective if done by a person above than the superior (because of one-to-many relation and lack of incentives), and is one reason that costs allocation are widely used in organizations. Another assumption made is the item that lump-sum tax can also reduce an agents spending on perquisites. Here, costs allocations act as a lump-sum tax as they allow costs to be allocated to different departme nts. Thus, if a cost is allocated among five departments, then for each department this is similar to a lump-sum tax, and this is reduce the agents spending on perquisites in each of the departments.However, if this tax amount is tied to profits, then theory shows that mathematically the perquisites spending may actually increase. Thus, non- take carelable costs are allocated to managers to shine their perquisite spending and should be based on lump-sum operating cost allocation rather than tied to profits. The above discussion also implies that costs allocations are break out used when other forms of monitoring costs are high, perhaps due to geographical locations etc. Another benefit of cost allocation is observed with regards to manufacturing overhead costs.Zimmerman (1978) shows that a shared resource inflicts costs on others, for instance, for a shared resource a user will be constantly expanding his utilization. Besides the overuse, this agent is also inflicting a delay cos ts on other whose work may be affected by the delay they have to endure. After a certain point though, the costs will be more than the benefit derived from the shared resource and it would be more profitable to expand resources. Costs allocation acts a proxies to this expansion costs and allows proper allocation of costs which can be monitored. Thus, the manufacturing overhead issue is as follows.For a manufacturing concern, its main costs are its direct material used, direct labor required and manufacturing overhead, which are not directly traceable to one product but are incurred in manufacturing. When a principal assigns an agent, he also passes on the responsibilities and decision making thus resulting in a de alter organization. In such a setting, each person will choose that level of inputs which minimizes the overall costs. This will be at a point when minimum variable costs are used by decreasing inputs and using maximum fixed costs, which are indirect costs.This will firstl y not operate at optimum level, and secondly this will raise costs on other departments by using more of the manufacturing overhead costs. Hence, a need for centralized decision making arises. By using centralized decision making, a level of inputs is selected which minimizes input costs. . Also, manufacturing overhead is allocated based on requirements rather, than to show minimum costs. Thus, cost allocation allows optimal distribution of indirect costs, and also incorporates other immeasurable costs like delay costs, expansion costs etc.Doost (1997) also shows how cost allocation is useful for determining actual product costs by using all relevant costs, and can be used for look into purposes. He demonstrates that the budgeted amount of manufacturing overhead costs allow monitoring of overspending or under spending and is the responsibility of the specific department. Conclusion Cost accounting is a highly useful method of accounting that is very accommodating to control and co ordination measures of various costs. The importance of cost allocation has not diminished over the years.Cost allocation continues to be as important today as it was in the seventies. The introductory principle behind cost allocation has remained largely the same however, new methods of forming the link between costs and cost objects are continuously being formed. It continues to finds its activity in cost control and accountability. By no means a cure-all, cost accounting does, however, provide a sound foundation for increasing responsibility, control and accountability by changing the very behavior of managers and creating an environment where cost reduction can be linked to advancement.

Humans

Humans like to be treated equally and fairly. Whats different about animals? barely like humans animals should be able to live their life not having to worry about being slaughtered every second of the day.The first arguwork forcet for wherefore people should not eat animals is for the reason that animals canful feel hurting, sorrow, happiness, and grief just like humans can. Yet we treat them differently because they dont name the mental ability of communicating. Humans are the most dominant and sophisticated creatures on earth and target animals because they are incapable of demanding their freedom and happiness.Dirk verbeuren once said Every alive creature has the right to live ethically This statement is indisputable however only 31 per centum of the worlds population truly believes that. Many people fasten on that animals have no feelings and emotions due to the fact that they cant speak in a language humans can understand. In 1995 masson j. Mccarthy wrote When elephan ts weep The emotional lives of animals.This news talks about the emotions elephants feel and the way humans treat them. This book makes our population truly think about how we treat animals as a whole. The add up american meat-eater is responsible for the abuse and death of 90 animals per year. Becoming a vegetarian leave behind save the lives of many innocent animals.The second reason on why people should not eat animals is because of the effect it has on the environment. Livestock alone counts for more tham 14% of greenhouse gas emissions. A vegan of vegetarian diet could cut those emissions by 70%. Of all the agriculture land in the united states, 87% is used to raise animals for food. It takes 2,500 gallons of water to produce a pound of meat, but only 25 gallons to produce a pound of wheat. Carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide together cause the vast majority of global warming.Producing a little more than 2 pounds of beef causes more greenhouse gas emissions than drivi ng a small car for three hours. The environmental protection agency reports that approximately 80 percent of ammonia emissions in the U.S. Comes from animal waste. Consuming and producing meat predominately affects the quality and quantity of the earths water. Eating animals get out eventually destroy the environment and hurt the population in a tremendous way.The last reason for not eating meat is for the benefit of peoples health. A vegetarian diet decreases the chance of cancer and diabetes in both men and women. According to an article in the journal of the national cancer institute, women who eat meat daily are more likely to develop breast cancer. Vegetarians have also shown to have lower blood pressure, better digestion, and more energy than humans with a meat based diet. Not eating meat will also reduce your risk of a food-born illness.The cdc reports that food-born illnesses account for over 325,000 hospitalizations and 5,000 deaths in the united states. Finally, eating le ss or even no meat will reduce the risks of heart attacks and other heart related conditions. Not eating meat will improve the quality of life and further prevent sickness. at that place is no way to ethically eat animals. Every day there are millions of animals being tortured and killed just so the humans population can enjoy them. The environment, our health, and our morals are all reasons to become a vegetarian. Peta once said The only time factory animals get to feel the warmth of the solarise on their backs or breath in fresh air is when they are loaded onto trucks bound for slaughter. These animals will never get to raise families or throw around in the grass and feel the sun beaming on their face.They are crammed in tiny cages until the day they are killed to be feed to individual to enjoy. The lives of animals are just as important as humans lives and becoming a vegetarian will help many innocent animals. If you dont like to feel pain and sorrow, why would they?

Disease trends of the delivery healthcare systems Essay

Advances in global health and science have assisted the complaint trends. It has become a never ending mission to protect public health and safety through the control and prevention of disease as sanitary as injury and disability. There have been noted demographic changes in the past 50 days that have resulted from changing trends in child, maternal, and adult demise rates (CDC, 2011). Among these are rises in obesity and aging. As these health concerns continue to climb we will have a greater impact on the legal transfer of services from health care. The importance of these trends assists in prevention and protecting ones self from new diseases and illnesses as well as old ones. unmatched of the noted trends in healthcare is aging. Focusing on the worlds age composition is one way to understand the impacts and changes in further years to come.According to the US nose count Bureau (2013), the elderly population age 65 and older during the twentieth century composed one in an y twenty five individuals. In the twenty first century, this same population composed one in every 8 (U.S. Census Bureau, 2013). This showed that the life hope of humans has become longer. According to the U.S. Census Bureau (2013), the population in the United States in the year of 2010 was 308.7 million. This indicated a near 10 percent make up over the past ten years. This same 2010 census showed that the elderly population composed 13 percent as opposed to only being 9 percent in the year of 2000. The notable change was determined that in that respect were fewer people in the 65-75 age range but there were more than individuals in the 75-85 age ranges. It proved that there were more increasingly elderly individuals reaching into their seventies and even eighties.This increase in age showed that life foretaste and advances in medicine have contributed to individuals living longer lives. This would indicate that as long as medicines and healthcare continued to advance, so wou ld the elderly population in growth. Environmental chemical elements directly contribute to population growth. For one, as the population continues to grow in size, thenatural resources and un create bolt down becomes utilized to accommodate this expansion. Clearing the land and making it more desirable offers more room to continue additions in the population. This in turn offers an increase in the resources that can be utilized for healthcare and science in the creation of vaccines and medications. This increased coachment has also led to the finding of new resources such as unknown species of plants and animals. These newer found resources can be tested to see if they offer any properties in the expansion of healthcare and medications.The Medical Plant Consortium (2013) states, Our major goal in this project has been to get hold of blue prints of medicinal plants for the advancement of drug discovery and development. The medical plant consortium further adds well known medicin es such as digoxin utilise for cardiac muscle stimulation comes from the fox glove plant and some of the chemotherapy medications such as vinchristine come from the periwinkle plant. Another noted environmental factor is that the population density has grown over the years. In addition to the population growth, land clearing has been increasing for the purpose of crops farmed for human consumption. The combination of needed developed land for farm crops and the growing population has only contributed to more land being cleared for further discoveries. Some of the changing demographics have been an increase in the population density. Over the years imputable to advancements in medications and healthcare improving the human life expectancy, there is an indicated increase of individuals per square mile than years prior.This is due to the slow development of land but also human life expectancy increasing. January 2011 ushered in the first of approximately 77 million baby boomers natur al from 1946 through 1964 and surging towards the gates of retirement. Each year 3.5 baby boomers turn 55. This increase indicates that by 2030 there will be more than twice in the elderly population that in the year 2000 (Transgenerational, 2009). The aging trend is likely to experience an increase in the health issues of today. As we live longer there is more wear and tear to our bodies that developed the need for further medical assistance. As we age our blood vessels and arteries become stiffer causing the heart to have to mould harder to function. The longer the heart has to function under this strain, the more likely complications will occur. These factors are directly linked to high blood pressure and cardiovascular diseases. In addition with aging,ones bones tend to lose bone mass. This not only weakens them increasing the risk for fracture but effects muscle function. Over while muscles lose flexibility and strength.These factors contribute to arthritis. According to the CDC (2013), one of ever two persons will knee arthritis and one in every four will develop hip arthritis. This clearly supports that disease and illness will become more likely as we age. In order to reduce health related problems in aging one should remain fit and incorporate an exercise regimen into their daily life. In addition eating a healthy diet, not smoking, managing nisus and taking a daily supplement can help prolong age related diseases (CDC, 2013). Currently the obesity rate in the United States is more or less two of every three persons (Surgeon general, 2009). Research has shown that the united states have the highest population of obesity. A report done from July 2013 shown that the united stated passed the obesity rates of Mexico (Medical intelligence operation Today, 2013). The U.S. obesity rate has grown from 13 percent in 1960 to 32 percent in 2004 (surgeon general, 2009).References1- Centers of Disease Control (CDC), 2010. http//www.cdc.gov/mmwr/distrnds.html 2- Department of Health and Human services, 2012. http//www.aoa.gov/AoARoot/Aging_Statistics/index.aspx 3- U.S. Census Bureau, 2013. http//www.census.gov/population/socdemo/statbriefs/agebrief.html 4- U.S. Census Bureau, 2011. http//www.census.gov/prod/cen2010/briefs/c2010br-03.pdf 5- PHYS.org, 2013. http//phys.org/news/2011-12-medicinal-benefits.html 6- Transgenerational- design matters, 2009. http//transgenerational.org/aging/demographics.htm 7- Mayo clinic, 2013. http//www.mayoclinic.com/health/aging/HA00040 8- Surgeon general, 2009. http//www.surgeongeneral.gov/news/testimony/obesity07162003.html 9- Medical intelligence activity Today, 2013. http//www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/265556.php

Rights and Freedoms of Aboriginals

The rights and freedoms of primes have improved drastically since 1945 with many changes to political sympathies policy, cultural views and legal rules to bring about a change from conquering to equality. Unfortunately on the other hand, some rights and freedoms have not improved at all or have even worsened. Firstly the change in legal and constitutional rights have been a great creator of rights for the Aboriginal people. Up until 1967 the Aboriginals did not have the right to be counted in the census.This was basically a way of verbalism that the Aboriginals were not Australians, almost not even people. Fortunately the 1967 referendum gave Aboriginals citizenship. It did however not end any discrimination against the Aboriginal people and exactly allowed them to legally join society but not socially join society. Another change to Aboriginal rights and freedoms was the constitutional change also by the 1967 referendum which allowed the federal official government to pass laws over the Aboriginal people.This was to change section 51 of the constitution which verbalize The Parliament shall, subject to this Constitution, have power to make laws for the peace, order, and secure government of the Commonwealth with respect to .. The people of any race, other than the aboriginal people in any State, for whom it is deemed necessary to make special laws. This was great watchword as it stopped the states making unfair laws on Aboriginals and stopping them from travelling from state to state.On the other side however it was completely disrespectful as it stated the commonwealth must show respect to everyone except the Aboriginals. Another large milestone in the improving rights of the Aboriginals was the fight and subsequent win over subvert rights. The quest for drink down rights began in 1963 with the Bark Petition. The bark petition was a petition that was sent from the Yolngu people to the federal parliament that was written on a piece of bark. Unfortuna tely for the Aboriginals, this petition was rejected and instead the land rights were given to a local mining company.This ruling was justified under the concept of Terra Nullius, saying that the land was not settled. Another challenge to land ownership was the Tent Embassy on the parliament house lawns. This constant public pressure caused the government to read interest in freehanded land rights to Aboriginals. This was completed with Justice Woodwards report in 1974 that recommended that Aboriginal reserves are to be returned to Aboriginal ownership, that Aboriginals had remove to vacant land if they could prove ties with the land, that Aboriginal sacred sites were protected.This was great as it gave power to the Aboriginals. It did however also mean that if they had sacred land that was already owned if not even used would not be returned to them. This was passed in 1976 when the Aboriginal Land Rights Act was passed. Later in 1981 the Northern Territory government opposes l and rights and attempts to amend the land rights act to stop claims of owned stations and property. The attitudes of the white Australians also had a huge impact on change of rights and freedoms as it pressured the government into giving Aboriginals rights and freedoms.The 1967 was testament to this when a huge 90. 77% of Australians agreed that Aboriginals had the right to be counted in the census. There has never been any real public objections to giving aboriginals rights, merely quiet harbored prejudices in the persons mind. On the other side of the case the Aboriginal rights in general have not improved with many Aboriginals cosmos mistreated and discriminated against. The statistics do not speak honestly about public opinion.The rights and freedoms of Aboriginals have been fuelled by an ever increasing wave of Aboriginal activism and increased self-esteem. Aboriginal activism began with the Bark Petition in 1963 and has caused almost all of the government change. The freedom rides of 1964, the Wave Hill protest in 1966, Even the abolishment of the policy of immersion was caused by the Aboriginals constant protest and pain of the stolen generation. The most dominant display of Aboriginal activism however was the creation of the Tent Embassy on the lawns of Parliament House.

Co-Occurring Disorders Essay

The co-occurring I chose is Schizophrenia and Alcohol Dependence, with the prevalence of Nicotine Dependence. Schizophrenia occurs in hatful from tout ensemble cultures and all walks of life, and its characteristic symptoms be well recognized. Those symptoms include extreme oddities in perception, thinking, action, sense of self, and manner of relating to others. However, the hallmark of schizophrenia is a significant loss of contact with reality, referred to as psychosis. Taken from the DSM IV (Association, 2000), (pgs. 153-154) the criteria for schizophrenia argon two or more of the following symptoms, present for a significant portion of time during a 1-month period, and persistent for six months areDelusions.Hallucinations.Disorganized speech.Grossly disorganized or catatonic behavior.Negative symptoms.According to (Butcher & Mineka, 2010) (pg.458), the vast majority of cases of schizophrenia begin in late(a) adolescence and early childhood, although schizophrenia is sometim es found in children, such cases are rare. Schizophrenia tends to begin earlier in men than in women, usually surrounded by ages 20 and 24. The incidence of schizophrenia in women peaks during the same age period, but the peak is less marked than it is for men. Overall, the average age of onset of schizophrenia is virtually 25 years for men and around 29 years for women.Alcohol Dependence is a state, psychic and usually also physical, resulting from alcohol use, and is characterized by behavioural and other responses that always include a compulsion to take alcohol on a continuous or periodic basis in separate to experience its psychic effects, and sometimes to avoid the discomfort of its absence, tolerance whitethorn or may not be present. According to the DSM IV (Association, 2000), thecriteria for alcohol dependency are a tolerance as defined by a need for markedly increased amounts of the amount to achieve intoxication or desired effect, and the markedly diminished effect with continued use of the same amount of the substance. The symptoms of alcohol addiction are Withdrawal syndrome.It is taken in larger amounts or over a longer period than was intended. Unsuccessful efforts to cut down or control substance use.A great deal of time is dog-tired in activities necessary to obtain the substance. Alcohol and nicotine dependence are extremely common among patients with schizophrenia (Drake, 2001), almost half of schizophrenic patients have a substance use disorder during their lifetime. The rate is probably even greater among high-risk groups, such as young men with a history of violence or homelessness, and among patients in acute care settings. Alcohol abuse is correlated with poor concurrent adjustment and predictive of adverse outcomes such as higher grade of homelessness, hospitalization, and incarceration. on that point is a huge prevalence of nicotine dependence with this co-occurring disorder. Nicotine is the most common form of substance ab use in people with schizophrenia.According to the (National Institute of Health, 2013), people with schizophrenia are driven to smoke. They smoke at three times the rate of the general population. In the general adult population age 18 years or older, the report rate of nicotine use is 25.9%, with a 12.8% increase within the past year. In people with schizophrenia there is a reported rate of use of nicotine of 60% 90%, a 28.5% increase within the past year. In the general population the rate of use for alcohol in people age 18 years or older is 2.9% 17.9%, a 5.1% increase within the past year. In schizophrenic patients alcohol use has kaput(p) up from 14 to 22 percent in the 1960s and 1970s, to 25 to 50 percent in the 1990s. Within the past year the reported dependence for alcohol in schizophrenic patients has gone up from 43.1% to 65%. According to ( sum total Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, 2013) assessment issues for this co-occurring disorder are race who ar e experiencing symptoms of schizophrenia may put up resistance to help because they do not know that something is wrong, when in reality this can be a manifestation of the negative symptoms of schizophrenia.The symptoms of schizophrenia can bemistaken for an individual being intoxicated. Many individuals with symptoms of schizophrenia isolate themselves from family and friends, and many are homeless, so they are not surrounded by a abide system to get them to needed help. If the professional doing the assessment doesnt have the individuals forward psychical health background, or their familys mental health background, they wont be able to properly assess the disorder. The traditional give-and-take style for schizophrenia has been strictly focused on psychiatry and psychotropic drugs. However today professionals should be aware that there is evidence of increasing use of alcohol and drugs by persons with schizophrenia, and a dual diagnosis should be expected. Therefore, an accur ate understanding of the role of substance use disorders in the clients psychosis requires a treble contact, longitudinal assessment.Both psychotic and substance use disorders tend to be chronic disorders with multiple relapses and remissions, certifying the need for long-term treatment. For clients with co-occurring disorders involving psychosis, a long-term compositional approach is imperative. Treatment practices that could be harmful or contradictive for individuals with co-occurring disorders are Untrained or unqualified staff (staff members, whether primarily from the substance abuse treatment or mental health fields, should be knowledgeable roughly both disorders and their treatments. Treating one disorder without treating the other (mental health and addiction treatment systems often are separated.This bunk may result in patients being treated at one location for addiction and at another for mental health disorders. Some mental health care facilities do not accept pat ients in medication-assisted treatment, forcing these patients to choose which disorder to treat. Also co-occurring disorders require individualized treatment approaches. It is usually best to cover up all of a patients disorders simultaneously because each can influence the other. The treatment approach for this co-occurring disorder should be a multi-disciplinary team approach. excess considerations should include an integrated approach, (a team working closely together, social worker, counselor or therapist, psychiatrist or mental health professional, and a medical doctor). There should also be Available resources for crisis intervention.Treatment for schizophrenia and drug treatment.Rehabilitation (social and vocational training to help people with schizophrenia function better in their communities). Family education (people with schizophrenia are often discharged from the hospital into the care of their families. So it is important that family members know as much as possible about the disorder. With the help of a counselor, family members can learn coping strategies and problem solving skills). CBT (it helps patients with symptoms that dont go away even when they take medications). Self-help groups (group members comfort and support each other they know that others are facing the same problems, which can help everyone feel less isolated). Two treatment or community supports that are available in central Ohio areDublin Springs Treatment Center7625 Hospital DriveDublin, Ohio (614) 717-1800 www.dublinsprings.comCenter for Innovative PracticesKent State UniversityKent, Ohio (330) 672-7917 www-dev.rags.kent.edu/cipTwo local benefit providers that provide treatment for people with this co-occurring disorder are Southeast Inc.16 W. Long StreetColumbus, Ohio (614) 225-0990 www.southeastinc.comColumbus Area Integrated Health Services1515 E. all-encompassing StreetColumbus, Ohio (614) 252-0711 interventionamerica.orgThe factors that will increase the likelihoo d that clients will participate in treatment are Developing and using a therapeutic alliance to accept the client in treatment. Maintaining a recovery perspective.Managing countertransference.Monitoring psychiatric symptoms.Using supportive and empathic counseling.Employing culturally appropriate methods.Increasing structure and support.Encouraging family support and providing counseling and education. Three potential barriers that could prevent a person from taking advantage oftreatment and/or supports are Inaccessibility or documentation for treatment (some mental health centers do not offer integrated treatment. Because of the lack of insurance and Medicaid cutbacks some people do not have access to funding for treatment. Also Legislators need to re-appropriate funding for treatment. However, agencies that are funded by ADAMH provide 100% funding for treatment. Ex. Southeast Inc.). Homelessness (many individuals who suffer from this disorder isolate themselves from family and f riends, so they dont have a support system to get them to help when their symptoms are presenting.Many are incarcerated and there is no mental health background for them, or they are jailed because the symptoms of schizophrenia are similar to intoxication). Staff who are undertrained in the symptoms of this co-occurring disorder. Involvement of family or significant others are very important in treatment and should be offered counseling to help them with coping strategies and problem-solving skills, they should also be offered education about the disorder. Additional information about this co-occurring disorder pertains to the use of nicotine (smoking may make anti-psychotic drugs less effective, and quitting smoking is very difficult because nicotine withdrawal may cause these individuals psychotic symptoms to get worse for a while.ReferencesAssociation, A. P. (2000). DSM, IV. In Diagnostic Criteria (pp. 153-154). Arlington American Psychiatric Association. Butcher, J. N., & Mineka , S. H. (2010). Abnormal Behavior. Boston Pearson Publishing Co. Drake, R. E. (2001, August 17). Treating Substance Abuse Among Patients With Schizophrenia. Biological Psychiatry, pp. 71-83. National Institute of Health. (2013, October 12). Retrieved from National Institute of Mental Health www.nimh.nih.gov Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. (2013, September 15). Retrieved from SAMHSA www.samhsa.gov

Business Economics Essay

Table of Contents1.INTRODUCTION2.MAIN consistency2.1THE NATURE OF RESOURCE COST STRUCTURE AND THE PRACTICAL consequence OF DIFFERENT COSTS 2.2 THE FACTORS INFLUENCING OPTIMUM SIZE AND THE SIGNIFICANCE OF DEMAND AND SUPPLY RELATIONSHIPS 2.3UNDERSTANDING OF THE RELEVANCE AND LIMITATIONS OF ECONOMIC possibleness TO MANAGE DECISIONS 3.CONCLUSION1.INTRODUCTIONFrom the economicalal perspective, in that respect be a full range of wants from individuals, firms and government besides there is only a few number of resources or factors of harvestingion such as land, labour, capital and enterprise. The unrefined material will come from land, taking the example of oil, gas. The labour relates to the individuals able to work. The capital covers machinery, computers, offices or shops for retail people. Enterprise will bring all of these factors together and allow them to produce goods and services in tramp to make a profit. This individual report will be identifying the nature of resour ce cost mental synthesis and the practical significance of different cost. It will in addition explain the factors influencing optimum size and the significance of submit and tag on apprisalships. It will finally demonstrate an understanding of the relevance and limitations of economic theory to management decisions.2.MAIN BODY2.1 ECONOMIC PERSPECTIVE IN ORDER TO RUN THE COMPANY EFFICIENTLY Considering an example of project of psychiatric hospital of a manufacturing company based in the UK, the resources needed for the realisation of the project will be schematic before the start of the project. Knowing that any resource has a cost associate with it, identifying the resources needed, will air current to work towards establishing all costs for the whole project. Resource can be physical or virtual, but the report will be interested in the physical resources as skills are manifested in people, who are physical entities. Three types of resources have to be considered People, ma terials and equipment. People can be skilled, semi-skilled and non-skilled. Materials,tangible items such as steel, concrete, lights, wood, cables, paint required by the project. Equipment, everything used to bring all the materials together, for example, cranes, welding sets, computing time, mobile offices. It is also important to know how practically money committed to spend at any point in time.2.1.1The microeconomics perspectivesThis focuses on the market behaviour of individual consumers and firms to help understand the decision making process of firms and households. This is at a level of individual buyer and individual seller, meaning posit and grant. How much to produce and how much to charge for it. The law of nature of the take in is that the demand decreases when the price increases and the demand increases when the price decreases.Also more demand of a product results in an increase of the price the price of that product. (See graph below).2.1.2The macroeconomics pe rspectives, focuses on the big printing of the national economy as a whole and provides a basic understanding of how things work in the business environment. The macrocosmic policy goals will be achieved by the pecuniary policy and the fiscal policy. The monetary policy is the management of the nation money supply, the decision of the interest rate and the banking system to promote economic growth, lower unemployment and inflation.2.2The factors influencing optimum size and the significance of demand and supply relationship The demand and the supply are two main concepts of the economy. Demand is what quantity of product or service the buyers need at a certain time at a precise price. The supply is the quantity the market can tenderise at that same time and price. The relationship between the quantity demanded and the price is the demand relationship and the relation between the supply and the price is the supply relationship. The price is a reflection of supply and demand.The law of demandWhen the price of a product goes up, the quantity demanded of that product goes down. On the other hand, when the price of a product goes down, thequantity demanded of that product goes up. The graph above shows that relationship between the demand and the price p1 higher, Q1 smaller than Q2 and Q3.The law of supplyUnlike the law of the demand, the law of supply shows that at a higher price the supply increases. The producers supply more at a higher price to increase their revenue. The relationship between supply and price is shown in the graph above at P3, price greater than P2 and P1, the corresponded quantity Q3 is greater than Q2 and Q1.2.2ECONOMICS possibility TO IMPROVE THE RUNNING OF THE COMPANY2.3THE COUNTRY OF EXPANSION OF THE COMPANY2.3.1Macroeconomic conditions of the country2.3.2Current economic policy (fiscal and monetary) melodic theme writing1. describe different aspects of business in order to run a company efficiently. Microeconomics and Macroeconomics per spectives 2.Explain exploitation economics theory using real world examples3. Company to be expanding internationally by opening a new manufacturing facility in a non-EU country a) Macroeconomic conditions of the countryb) Current economic policy (fiscal and monetary)

Contributing factors toward SWB of the Institutionalized Elderly Essay

Apart from delineating the cognitive and affective indicators of SWB, this accept also attempted to identify the affirmable factors which precede to SWB. A host of factors were identified in the largely western literature. These ar presented in the succeeding pages. visible Health Health is peerless of the most important variables in predicting whether people are happy (Campbell et al. , 1976). The human Health Organization defines health as, the optimal functioning of the human organism to meet biological, psychological, ethical and spiritual needs (Emeth & Greenhut, 1991).In this study the antique were said to birth optimal functioning when he or she had basic competence, which was necessary for maintenance of independent living (Martin, 2001). In the carapace of the elderly in the study it was denoted by their ability for individualized allot on their own. It also pertained to mental health, which was a state where the elderly were not pr 1 to depression, or other ment al illness, and did not have any major cognitive impairments. Autonomy Autonomy could be equated to having the capacity for selfdetermination, independence, internal locus of restrainer, and internal regulation of behavior (Ryff, 1989).Having a sense of being in control (autonomy) means that ones thoughts and actions are ones own and not determined by others. It is related to physical health too as it gives a sense of mastery over situations. It is important for all and particularly for the elderly to maintain that sense of control or autonomy because a sense of losing control of ones life or ones power is to in some ways lose ones worth, which can have detrimental effect on ones physical as well as psychological health. Money/Income Income or silver is importantly related to a sense of upbeatin former(a) age (Diener, 1984) and the elderly in the study may or may not enjoy pecuniary security Money is important probably because of the sense of security that they experience when they have enough money which could implicitly affect their sense of autonomy and self-worth. Family Relationships Family is a natural institution constant across clock and space which is a very close and intimate gathering and ones sense of eudaemonia is sustained by membership in this primary group, as it provides a sense of security, connectedness, and belongingness to the aged.There are no substitutes for the close relationship in the experience of well-being in the case of the aged. In the case of the elderly in the study, family relationship is limited to this intimate group consisting of the spouse, children and grandchildren as the extended family is almost devoid in the given context. Friendship Friendship or close relationship with members of the same age group often sharing personal characteristics, life styles, values and experiences is a source of enjoyment, socializing, and reminiscing the past promote a higher satisfaction among the older adults (Sorensen & Pinquar t, 2000).In the given situation it could be long standing friends from the past, and or the friendship developed among the co-residents of the home. Social Support and Social Interest To experience a sense of well-being persons should have tardily feeling of sympathy, and affection for human beings (social interest/altruism). That is, their ability to go beyond the personal to interpersonal establishing deep, profound interpersonal relationships and social support, to transpersonal, which is relating to the Divine in the social context of ones life.These play a significant role in maintaining their psychological, social, and physical integrity over time (Witmer & Sweeny, 1992) and so the sense well-being. Attitude toward Death Death can be understood as a natural process of transition from one stage of life to another. Depending on the meaning people attach to death, they misgiving death or embrace it as a natural transition with a sense of credenza and surrender (Atchley, 1997) . Accepting old age and death meaningfully makes life happier. Fear or acceptance of death is closely related to general satisfaction.According to (Moberg, 2001), when life is lived to the full, death becomes a fulfillment, a completion. religion and phantasmality Subjective aspects of religion and spirituality include religious identification, religious attitudes, values, beliefs, knowledge, and mystical/religious experiences. sacred experience provides a sense of meaning and purpose in daily life (Polner, 1989). Spirituality ordinarily refers to a unique, personally meaningful experience of a transcendent dimension that is associated with wholeness and wellness (Westgate, 1996).Spiritual wellness is the dimension that permits the integration of ones spirituality with the other dimensions of life, thus maximizing the potential drop for growth and self-actualization (Westgate, 1996). At this point of SWB research, there is already an idea of the variables which correlate with S WB. However, a better thought of parameters that influences the relationships, the directions of influences between variables, and the different influences interact are still needed (Diener, 1984). Given the assumption that these features are deepcross-cultural, universally applicable, core characteristic features of well being sought by the aged, the researcher believed that the institutionalise care for the aged and their subjective sense of well-being is also context specific. An understanding of psychological well-being unavoidably rely upon the moral visions that are culturally embedded and frequently culture specific (Christopher, 1999). In this context, one might ask how the institutionalized aged of Gladys Spellman experience the transition from mathru-pithru devobhava(mother and father are like gods) to institutionalized care, what their experience of the subjective well-being consisted in, and what might be the specific factors that would contribute to their sense of we ll being. It is possible that the western culture-specific factors of subjective well-being outlined above may not have the same relevance for the population under investigation. This study was expected to help understand the contextspecific aspects of well-being of the institutionalized aged.

Psychology of Body Language

Navarro, Joe. (2008, January 1). Fast forces of attraction. Retrieved from http//www. psychologytoday. com/articles/200712/fast-forces-attraction extradite correlates only loosely with height, but is closely tied to hormone levelsmeaning its a good indication of profusion or dominance, as well as health and attractiveness. In general, people with attractive voices thrust attractive faces, says David Feinberg, a psychologist at McMaster University. (pg. ) This is interesting because well one the use of the word correlation in this statement made me foreshortenk of the correlation research method. Did they do actual research? And then I continued to where David Feinberg made his statement, and I believe this is untrue because again each persons cognition is different, I then continued to debate of the saying you have a face for radio it honorable seemed contradictory. Accents affect our perceptions, as do speed and pitch. We judge fast talkers to be more educated, and thos e with varied intonation to be more interesting.Men prefer higher voices in women, and women like deeper voices in men (especially when ovulating or looking for a short-term relationship) (pg. 1) When the word perception came about I immediately thought of the cognitive Prospective. Thats why our brains have set us up to draw instantaneous inferences from tiny nuances of behavior, what psychologists call thin slices of judgment. We form first impressions of anothers attractiveness in a tenth of a second, generating a symphonic break out of desire in which everything from voice to wit plays a part ( pg. ). This ingredient made me think that they use the Biological Prospective to explain the reasoning and help make it easier to see. People like people whom others father attractive. You might be inclined to think its because socializing with (or sleeping with) the It girl enhances your own status in the crowd. (pg. 2) Right here is a great example of the Socio-cultural Prospect ive. Its all about where you stand in our society today, and by this statement it is easy to see because it is very true.Its seems most evident in college students, eyesight it firsthand. Most of us are drawn to those who hail from our own side of the tracks, and men and women are marrying at heart their social class much more than ever. (pg. 2) Again a perfect example of Sociocultural Prospective. and ask 5,000 people and clear patterns emerge. Some traits have universal sex appeal because theyre markers of good genes, health, and fertility a fit body, clear skin, a symmetrical face with average-sized and -shaped features, and traits that mark sex hormones (pg. ) Now this section exemplifies the Evolutionary Prospective because people, even unknowingly, look for these traits because they want theyre offspring to be the strongest the fittest, which made me think of Darwinism. The strong will survive. The stronger, healthier, smarter, and most attractive evolve, the stay alive and most importantly pass their genes on. synopsis this article was quite interesting, it talked about all aspects of attraction and explained from various prospectives of psychology. It talked about physical attributes such as looks, voice, health ect, to the mental part of attraction.

Deception Point Page 81

As you know, the CIA handler went on, his t hotshot sharpening, completely U.S. government entities who deal with sensitive intelligence information are governed by strict rules of secrecy- legions, CIA, NSA, NRO- each of them must sustain by stringent laws regarding the concealment of the data they glean and the technologies they develop. I ask you all, yet again, why NASA-the authorization currently producing the largest portion of skitterting-edge aero stead, imaging, flight, software, reconnaissance, and telecom technologies used by the military and intelligence re gradientntial district-exists outside this comprehensive of secrecy.The President heaved a weighty sigh. The proposal was clear. Restructure NASA to be throw in part of the U.S. military intelligence community. Although standardized restructurings had happened with other agencies in the past, Herney refused to entertain the idea of placing NASA under the auspices of the Pentagon, the CIA, the NRO, or whatever other military directive. The National bail system Council was starting to splinter on the issue, many siding with the intelligence community.Lawrence Ekstrom never looked buoyant at these meetings, and this was no exception. He shot an acrimonious glare toward the CIA theatre director. At the risk of repeating myself, sir, the technologies NASA develops are for nonmilitary, academic applications. If your intelligence community wants to turn 1 of our space telescopes around and look at China, thats your choice.The CIA director looked like he was to the highest degree to boil over.Pickering caught his eye and stepped in. Larry, he said, careful to keep an even tone, each year NASA kneels before Congress and begs for money. Youre rails operations with too little funding, and youre paying the price in failed missions. If we incorporate NASA into the intelligence community, NASA go away no longer need to ask Congress for help. You would be funded by the sear budget at signific antly higher levels. Its a win-win. NASA forget have the money it needs to run itself properly, and the intelligence community will have peace of mind that NASA technologies are protected.Ekstrom shook his head. On principle, I cannot endorse painting NASA with that brush. NASA is about space science we have nothing to do with content security.The CIA director stood up, something never done when the President was seated. Nobody stopped him. He glared down at the executive director of NASA. Are you telling me you think science has nothing to do with national security? Larry, they are synonymous, for Gods stake It is tho this countrys scientific and technological edge that keeps us secure, and whether we like it or not, NASA is playing a larger and bigger part in developing those technologies. Unfortunately, your agency leaks like a sieve and has proven clip and again that its security is a liabilityThe room fell silent.Now the administrator of NASA stood up and locked eye wit h his attacker. So you suggest locking twenty thousand NASA scientists in airtight military labs and making them hold up for you? Do you really think NASAs newest space telescopes would have been conceived had it not been for our scientists personal desire to see plenteouser into space? NASA makes astonishing breakthroughs for one reason only-our employees want to understand the cosmos more deeply. They are a community of dreamers who grew up staring at starry skies and asking themselves what was up at that place. Passion and curiosity are what admit NASAs innovation, not the promise of military superiority.Pickering cleared his throat, speaking softly, trying to lower the temperatures around the table. Larry, Im certain the director is not talking about recruiting NASA scientists to build military satellites. Your NASA mission statement would not change. NASA would carry on business as usual, except you would have increased funding and increased security. Pickering turned now t o the President. Security is expensive. Everyone in this room certainly realizes that NASAs security leaks are a result of underfunding. NASA has to toot its own horn, cut corners on security measures, run joint projects with other countries so they can share the price tag. I am proposing that NASA remain the superb, scientific, nonmilitary entity it currently is, notwithstanding with a bigger budget, and some discretion.Several members of the security council nodded in quiet agreement.President Herney stood slowly, staring directly at William Pickering, clearly not at all amused with the way Pickering had just taken over. Bill, let me ask you this NASA is hoping to go to Mars in the coterminous decade. How will the intelligence community feel about spending a hefty portion of the black budget running a mission to Mars-a mission that has no immediate national security benefits?NASA will be able to do as they please.Bullshit, Herney replied flatly.Everyones eyeball shot up. Presid ent Herney seldom used profanity.If there is one thing Ive learned as president, Herney declared, its that those who control the dollars control the direction. I refuse to put NASAs wallet strings in the hands of those who do not share the objectives for which the agency was founded. I can only imagine how much pure science would get done with the military deciding which NASA missions are viable.Herneys eyes scanned the room. Slowly, purposefully, he returned his rigid gaze to William Pickering.Bill, Herney sighed, your displeasure that NASA is engaged in joint projects with foreign space agencies is distressingly shortsighted. At least someone is working constructively with the Chinese and Russians. Peace on this planet will not be forged by military strength. It will be forged by those who come together despite their governments differences. If you ask me, NASAs joint missions do more to promote national security than any billion-dollar spy satellite, and with a hell of a lot be tter hope for the future.Pickering felt an anger welling deep within him. How dare a politician talk down to me this way Herneys idealism played alright in a boardroom, but in the real world, it got people killed.Bill, Marjorie Tench interrupted, as if sensing Pickering was about to explode, we know you lost a child. We know this is a personal issue for you.Pickering heard nothing but condescension in her tone.But please remember, Tench said, that the White House is currently holding tush a floodgate of investors who want us to open space to the private sector. If you ask me, for all its mistakes, NASA has been one hell of a friend to the intel community. You all might just want to count your blessings.A go strip on the shoulder of the highway jolted Pickerings mind back to the present. His exit was coming up. As he approached the exit for D.C., he passed a bloody deer lying dead by the side of the road. He felt an odd hesitation but he kept driving.He had a rendezvous to keep.9 6The Franklin Delano Roosevelt Memorial is one of the largest memorials in the nation. With a park, waterfalls, statuary, alcoves, and basin, the memorial is divided into four outdoor galleries, one for each of FDRs terms in office.A mile from the memorial, a lone Kiowa Warrior coasted in, high over the city, its running lights dimmed. In a town boasting as many VIPs and media crews as D.C., helicopters in the skies were as mutual as birds flying south. Delta-One knew that as long as he stayed well outside what was known as the dome-a bubble of protected airspace around the White House-he should draw little attention. They would not be here long.The Kiowa was at twenty-one hundred feet when it slowed adjacent to, but not directly over, the darkened FDR Memorial. Delta-One hovered, checking his position. He looked to his left, where Delta-Two was manning the night vision telescopic viewing system. The video feed showed a greenish image of the entree drive of the memorial. The area was deserted.